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Charles Sanders Peirce
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The Collected Papers Vol. I:
Principles of Philosophy



 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. The Triad in Reasoning

369. Kant, the King of modern thought, it was who first remarked the frequency in logical analytics of trichotomics or threefold distinctions. It really is so; I have tried hard and long to persuade ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§5. The Interdependence of the Categories

353. Perhaps it is not right to call these categories conceptions; they are so intangible that they are rather tones or tints upon conceptions. In my first attempt to deal with them,2) I made ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. The Reality of Thirdness

343. . . . It is impossible to resolve everything in our thoughts into those two elements [of Firstness and Secondness]. We may say that the bulk of what is actually done consists of Secondness — or better, ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Representation and Generality

338. The ideas in which Thirdness is predominant are, as might be expected, more complicated, and mostly require careful analysis to be clearly apprehended; for ordinary, unenergetic thought slurs over ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Examples of Thirdness

337. By the third, I mean the medium or connecting bond between the absolute first and last. The beginning is first, the end second, the middle third. The end is second, the means third. The thread of ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§7. Shock and the Sense of Change

335. Some writers insist that all experience consists in sense-perception; and I think it is probably true that every element of experience is in the first instance applied to an external object. A man ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§6. Ego and Non-Ego

332. The triad, feeling, volition, cognition, is usually regarded as a purely psychological division. Long series of carefully planned self-experiments, persistent and much varied, though only qualitative, ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§5. Polar Distinctions and Volition

330. Calling any distinction between two equally decided characters to which no third seems to be coördinate (although a neutrality separates them) a polar distinction, in the external world polar ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. The Dyad

326. A dyad consists of two subjects brought into oneness. These subjects have their modes of being in themselves, and they also have their modes of being, as first and second, etc., in connection ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. The Varieties of Secondness

325. The idea of second is predominant in the ideas of causation and of statical force. For cause and effect are two; and statical forces always occur between pairs. Constraint is a Secondness. In the ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Action and Perception

324. [There is a category] which the rough and tumble of life renders most familiarly prominent. We are continually bumping up against hard fact. We expected one thing, or passively took it for granted, ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Feeling and Struggle

322. The second category that I find, the next simplest feature common to all that comes before the mind, is the element of struggle. This is present even in such a rudimentary fragment of experience ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§10. The Transition to Secondness

317. The whole content of consciousness is made up of qualities of feeling, as truly as the whole of space is made up of points or the whole of time of instants. 318. Contemplate anything by itself — ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§9. The Communicability of Feelings

314. Philosophers, who very properly call all things into question, have asked whether we have any reason to suppose that red looks to one eye as it does to another. I answer that slight differences there ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§8. Presentments as Signs

313. A mere presentment may be a sign. When the traditional blind man said he thought scarlet must be something like the sound of a trumpet, he had caught its blatancy very well; and the sound is certainly ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§7. The Similarity of Feelings of Different Sensory Modes

312. One of the old Scotch psychologists, whether it was Dugald Stewart or Reid2) or which other matters naught, mentions, as strikingly exhibiting the disparateness of different senses, that ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§6. A Definition of Feeling

306. By a feeling, I mean an instance of that kind of consciousness which involves no analysis, comparison or any process whatsoever, nor consists in whole or in part of any act by which one stretch of ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§5. Feeling as Independent of Mind and Change

305. Suppose I begin by inquiring of you, Reader, in what particulars a feeling of redness or of purple without beginning, end, or change; or an eternally sounding and unvarying railway whistle; or a sempiterne ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. Qualities of Feeling

304. . . . Among phanerons there are certain qualities of feeling, such as the color of magenta, the odor of attar, the sound of a railway whistle, the taste of quinine, the quality of the emotion upon ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. The Monad

303. The pure idea of a monad is not that of an object. For an object is over against me. But it is much nearer an object than it is to a conception of self, which is still more complex. There must ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. The Manifestation of Firstness

302. The idea of First is predominant in the ideas of freshness, life, freedom. The free is that which has not another behind it, determining its actions; but so far as the idea of the negation of another ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. The Source of the Categories

300. The list of categories, or as Harris,2) the author of Hermes, called them, the »philosophical arrangements,« is a table of conceptions drawn from the logical analysis of thought ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. Indecomposable Elements

294. I doubt not that readers have been fretting over the ridiculous-seeming phrase »indecomposable element,« which is as Hibernian as »necessary and sufficient condition« (as if »condition« meant no more ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. Monads, Dyads, and Triads

293. A thorough study of the logic of relatives confirms the conclusions which I had reached before going far in that study. It shows that logical terms are either monads, dyads, or polyads, and that these ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Valencies

288. There can be no psychological difficulty in determining whether anything belongs to the phaneron or not; for whatever seems to be before the mind ipso facto is so, in my sense of the phrase. ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. The Phaneron

284. Phaneroscopy is the description of the phaneron; and by the phaneron I mean the collective total of all that is in any way or in any sense present to the mind, quite regardless of whether ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
1. An Outline Classification of the Sciences

180. This classification, which aims to base itself on the principal affinities of the objects classified, is concerned not with all possible sciences, nor with so many branches of knowledge, but with ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
Proem: The Architectonic Character of Philosophy

176. The universally and justly lauded parallel which Kant draws between a philosophical doctrine and a piece of architecture has excellencies which the beginner in philosophy might easily overlook; and ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. The First Rule of Reason

135. Upon this first, and in one sense this sole, rule of reason, that in order to learn you must desire to learn, and in so desiring not be satisfied with what you already incline to think, there follows ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. The Observational Part of Philosophy

133. Every science has a mathematical part, a branch of work that the mathematician is called in to do. We say, »Here, mathematician, suppose such and such to be the case. Never you mind whether it is ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Axioms

130. The science which, next after logic, may be expected to throw the most light upon philosophy, is mathematics. It is historical fact, I believe, that it was the mathematicians Thales, Pythagoras, and ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Laboratory and Seminary Philosophies

126. . . . The kind of philosophy which interests me and must, I think, interest everybody is that philosophy, which uses the most rational methods it can devise, for finding out the little that can as ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§10. Kinds of Reasoning

65. There are in science three fundamentally different kinds of reasoning, Deduction (called by Aristotle {synagögé} or {anagögé}), Induction (Aristotle's and Plato's {epagögé}) and Retroduction (Aristotle's ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§5. Hegelism

40. The critical logicians have been much affiliated to the theological seminaries. About the thinking that goes on in laboratories they have known nothing. Now the seminarists and religionists generally ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. Kant and his Refutation of Idealism

35. Kant's whole philosophy turns upon his logic. He gives the name of logic to the greater part of his Critic of the Pure Reason, and it is a result of the great fault of his logical theory ...

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Charles Sanders Peirce
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The Collected Papers Vol. II:
Pragmatism and Pramaticism



 Letzte Änderung: 11.08.2005
§4. The Two Functions of Pragmatism

206. There are two functions which we may properly require that Pragmatism should perform; or if not pragmatism, whatever the true doctrine of the Logic of Abduction may be, ought to do these two services. ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. The Three Cotary Propositions

180. At the end of my last lecture I had just enunciated three propositions which seem to me to give to pragmatism its peculiar character. In order to be able to refer to them briefly this evening, I will ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§5. The Meaning of an Argument

175. We have already seen 1) some reason to hold that the idea of meaning is such as to involve some reference to a purpose. But Meaning is attributed to representamens alone, ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. Instinct and Abduction

171. Concerning the validity of Abductive inference, there is little to be said, although that little is pertinent to the problem we have in hand. Abduction is the process of forming an explanatory hypothesis. ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. Inductive Reasoning

167. A generation and a half of evolutionary fashions in philosophy has not sufficed entirely to extinguish the fire of admiration for John Stuart Mill — that very strong but Philistine philosopher whose ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. The Plan and Steps of Reasoning

158. We may now profitably ask ourselves what logical goodness is. We have seen that any kind of goodness consists in the adaptation of its subject to its end. One might set this down as a truism. ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Perceptual Judgments and Generality

151. I was remarking at the end of my last lecture that perceptual judgments involve generality. What is the general? The Aristotelian definition is good enough. It is quod aptum natum est praedicari ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Ethical and Esthetical Goodness

129. I cannot linger more upon the general conception of Normative Science. I must come down to the particular Normative Sciences. These are now commonly said to be logic, ethics, and esthetics. Formerly ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. The Divisions of Philosophy

120. . . . I have already explained 3) that by Philosophy I mean that department of Positive Science, or Science of Fact, which does not busy itself with gathering facts, but merely with learning ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
5. Three Kinds of Goodness

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 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. Perceptual Judgments

115. Where then in the process of cognition does the possibility of controlling it begin? Certainly not before the percept is formed. Even after the percept is formed there is an operation which ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. Normative Judgments

108. Reasoning cannot possibly be divorced from logic; because, whenever a man reasons, he thinks that he is drawing a conclusion such as would be justified in every analogous case. He therefore ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. Thirdness and Generality

102. You may, perhaps, ask me how I connect generality with Thirdness. Various different replies, each fully satisfactory, may be made to that inquiry. The old definition of a general is Generale est ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Scholastic Realism

93. I proceed to argue that Thirdness is operative in Nature. Suppose we attack the question experimentally. Here is a stone. Now I place that stone where there will be no obstacle between it and ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§2. The Seven Systems of Metaphysics

77. The three categories furnish an artificial classification of all possible systems of metaphysics which is certainly not without its utility. The scheme is shown in this figure (p. 53). It depends upon ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Presentness

41. . . . Be it understood, then, that what we have to do, as students of phenomenology, is simply to open our mental eyes and look well at the phenomenon and say what are the characteristics that are ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§4. The Relations of the Normative Sciences

34. It must be understood that all I am now attempting to show is that Pragmatism is apparently a matter of such great probable concern, and at the same time so much doubt hangs over its legitimacy, that ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§3. The Meaning of »Practical« Consequences

25. If I were to go into practical matters, the advantage of pragmatism, of looking at the substantial practical issue, would be still more apparent. But here pragmatism is generally practised by successful ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
§1. Two Statements of the Pragmatic Maxim

14. A certain maxim of Logic which I have called Pragmatism has recommended itself to me for divers reasons and on sundry considerations. Having taken it as my guide in most of my thought, I find ...

 Letzte Änderung: 10.08.2005
I. Lectures on Pragmatism

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 Letzte Änderung: 17.10.2004
7. Pragmatism and Abduction

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 Letzte Änderung: 15.10.2004
§3. Pragmatism — the Logic of Abduction

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§2. Abduction and Perceptual Judgments

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§3. Logical Goodness

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§3. The Irreducibility of the Categories

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§1. Degenerate Thirdness

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 Letzte Änderung: 14.10.2004
§3. Laws: Nominalism

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§2. Struggle

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7. Pragmatism and Abduction

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6. Three Types of Reasoning

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6. Three Types of Reasoning

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5. Three Kinds of Goodness

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4. The Reality of Thirdness

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4. The Reality of Thirdness

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3. The Categories Continued

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